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Εμφάνιση αναρτήσεων με ετικέτα ιστορία. Εμφάνιση όλων των αναρτήσεων
Παρασκευή 8 Απριλίου 2016
Κυριακή 31 Ιανουαρίου 2016
Video Games (english text)
πηγή: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game
Video Games
A video game is an electronic game that involves human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game traditionally referred to a raster display device, but it now implies any type of display device that can produce two- or three-dimensional images.
The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices. Specialized video games such as arcade games, while common in the 1980s, have gradually declined in use due to the widespread availability of home video game devices (e.g., PlayStation 4 and Xbox One) and video games on desktop and laptop computers and smartphones.
The input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, mouses, keyboards, joysticks, the touch screens of mobile devices and buttons. In addition to video and (in most cases) audio feedback, some games include haptic, vibration or force feedback peripherals.
Video games have become an art form and an industry. The video game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD 74 billion annually worldwide, and were the third-largest segment in the U.S. entertainment market, behind broadcast and cable TV.
HISTORY
Early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a "Cathode ray tube Amusement Device" was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992.
Inspired by radar display tech, it consisted of an analog device that allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen.
Other early examples include:
• The Nimrod computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain
• OXO a tic-tac-toe Computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952
• Tennis for Two, an electronic interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958
• Spacewar!, written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961.
• Pong, a 1972 game by Atari.
Each game used different means of display: NIMROD used a panel of lights to play the game of Nim, OXO used a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe, Tennis for Two used an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court, and Spacewar! used the DEC PDP-1's vector display to have two spaceships battle each other.
In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold, coin-operated video game. It used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green. Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the "Brown Box", it also used a standard television. These were followed by two versions of Atari's Pong; an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pongled numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, spawning the video game industry.
A flood of Pong clones eventually led to the video game crash of 1977, which came to an end with the mainstream success of Taito's 1978 shooter game Space Invaders, marking the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games and inspiring dozens of manufacturers to enter the market. The game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of numerous articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines, establishing video gaming as a rapidly growing mainstream hobby. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS (later known as Atari 2600), becoming the first "killer app" and quadrupling the console's sales. This helped Atari recover from their earlier losses, and in turn the Atari VCS revived the home video game market during the second generation of consoles, up until the North American video game crash of 1983. The home video game industry was revitalized shortly afterwards by the widespread success of the Nintendo Entertainment System, which marked a shift in the dominance of the video game industry from the United States to Japan during the third generation of consoles.
Video Games
A video game is an electronic game that involves human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game traditionally referred to a raster display device, but it now implies any type of display device that can produce two- or three-dimensional images.
The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices. Specialized video games such as arcade games, while common in the 1980s, have gradually declined in use due to the widespread availability of home video game devices (e.g., PlayStation 4 and Xbox One) and video games on desktop and laptop computers and smartphones.
The input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, mouses, keyboards, joysticks, the touch screens of mobile devices and buttons. In addition to video and (in most cases) audio feedback, some games include haptic, vibration or force feedback peripherals.
Video games have become an art form and an industry. The video game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD 74 billion annually worldwide, and were the third-largest segment in the U.S. entertainment market, behind broadcast and cable TV.
HISTORY
Early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a "Cathode ray tube Amusement Device" was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992.
Inspired by radar display tech, it consisted of an analog device that allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen.
Other early examples include:
• The Nimrod computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain
• OXO a tic-tac-toe Computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952
• Tennis for Two, an electronic interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958
• Spacewar!, written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961.
• Pong, a 1972 game by Atari.
Each game used different means of display: NIMROD used a panel of lights to play the game of Nim, OXO used a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe, Tennis for Two used an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court, and Spacewar! used the DEC PDP-1's vector display to have two spaceships battle each other.
In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold, coin-operated video game. It used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green. Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the "Brown Box", it also used a standard television. These were followed by two versions of Atari's Pong; an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pongled numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, spawning the video game industry.
A flood of Pong clones eventually led to the video game crash of 1977, which came to an end with the mainstream success of Taito's 1978 shooter game Space Invaders, marking the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games and inspiring dozens of manufacturers to enter the market. The game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of numerous articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines, establishing video gaming as a rapidly growing mainstream hobby. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS (later known as Atari 2600), becoming the first "killer app" and quadrupling the console's sales. This helped Atari recover from their earlier losses, and in turn the Atari VCS revived the home video game market during the second generation of consoles, up until the North American video game crash of 1983. The home video game industry was revitalized shortly afterwards by the widespread success of the Nintendo Entertainment System, which marked a shift in the dominance of the video game industry from the United States to Japan during the third generation of consoles.
ιστορία των video games (εργασία σε εξέλιξη)
Η Ιστορία των Βιντεοπαιχνιδιών,
αρχίζει στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του '40. Προς τα τέλη του '50 και στα μέσα του
'60, στην Αμερική, αρχίζουν να μπαίνουν στην καθημερινή μας ζωή, οι υπολογιστές. Για την ακρίβεια, οι κεντρικοί υπολογιστές. Από εκείνη την περίοδο, τα βιντεοπαιχνίδια έκαναν την εμφάνιση τους, στις κονσόλες, στα
φλίπερ, στους υπολογιστές, αλλά και στις φορητές κονσόλες.
Το πρώτο παιχνίδι -
μηχάνημα που διαφημίστηκε επίσημα, ήταν το Computer Space (παιχνίδι φλίπερ), το 1971. Μέχρι και τα τέλη του '70, είχε εμφανιστεί
στις ΗΠΑ, στην Ευρώπη, στην Ιαπωνία, αλλά και στη Λατινική Αμερική. Το 1977, έγινε γνωστό σε όλους, και το αναζητούσαν
πολλοί, και είχε κάνει πάρα πολλές πωλήσεις. Μετά από έξι περίπου χρόνια,
συμβαίνει ακριβώς το ίδιο, που προκάλεσε ακόμα περισσότερες εντυπώσεις παγκοσμίως
Magnavox Odyssey
Το Magnavox Odyssey ήταν η πρώτη εμπορική κονσόλα παιχνιδιών στον
κόσμο. Παρουσιάστηκε για πρώτη φορά τον Απρίλιο του 1972 και κυκλοφόρησε τον Αύγουστο του ίδιου
έτους, προηγούμενη του Atari
Pong κατά τρία χρόνια.
Πρόκειται για μια ψηφιακή κονσόλα
παιχνιδιών, αν και λανθασμένα πιστεύεται ότι είναι αναλογική, λόγω της χρήσης αναλογικών κυκλωμάτων για την υλοποίηση της εξόδου βίντεο, καθώς και του αναλογικού χειριστηρίου που συνόδευε την κονσόλα.
Το Odyssey σχεδιάστηκε από τον Ραλφ Μπάερ, ο οποίος
ξεκίνησε να δουλεύει την ιδέα γύρω στο 1966 και ολοκλήρωσε ένα λειτουργικό
πρωτότυπο το 1968.[2] Αυτό το πρωτότυπο, γνωστό ως Brown Box, βρίσκεται σήμερα στο Εθνικό
Μουσείο Αμερικανικής Ιστορίας του Ιδρύματος Σμιθσόνιαν στην Ουάσινγκτον.
Πρώτη Γενιά
Αν και τα πρώτα παιχνίδια
εμφανίστηκαν σε υπολογιστές το 1950 όπου βασίστηκαν γύρω από συσκευές καθοδικού
σωλήνα, το σήμα τους δεν ήταν αναλογικό. Τουλάχιστον δεν ήταν μέχρι το 1972 που
κυκλοφόρησε η πρώτη κονσόλα σπιτιού, το Magnavox Odyssey, που εφευρέθηκε από
τον Ralph H. Baer και μπορούσε να συνδεθεί με μια απλή τηλεόραση σπιτιού.
Το Odyssey όμως δεν κατάφερε να ολοκληρώσει την εμπορική επιτυχία της
πρωτοτυπίας του μέχρι που το arcade παιχνίδι της Atari "Pong" έγινε
ένα από τα πιο δημοφιλές βιντεοπαιχνίδια. Τότε ήταν που το κοινό άρχισε να
λαμβάνει περισσότερο υπόψη του τις αναδυόμενες βιομηχανίες βίντεοπαιχνιδιών. Το
φθινόπωρο του 1975 η Magnavox υποκλίνεται στη δημοτικότητα του Pong, ακυρώνει
το Odyssey και κυκλοφορεί μια απλοποιημένη μορφή που έπαιζε μόνο Pong και
χόκεϊ, το Odyssey 100.
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